Izixhumi, njengezixhumi ezibalulekile emishinini engumshini, zinomthelela oqondile ekuphepheni nasekuzinzeni kokusebenza kwemishini. Ngokwezibalo, cishe u-30% wokwehluleka kwemishini emkhakheni wezimboni kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokwehluleka kweziqinisi, futhi u-70% walezi zinkinga zekhwalithi zingagwenywa ngokulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile. Emikhakheni enezidingo eziqinile zokuthembeka, njengokukhiqiza okuphezulu{4}}kokusebenza kwemishini kanye ne-aerospace, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-fastener kushintshile kusuka enqubweni elula yokuhlola umkhiqizo kuya kuphrojekthi ehlelekile ehlanganisa isayensi yezinto zokwakha, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, nokuphatha okujwayelekile.
I. Ukulawula Okubalulekile: Ukulawula Isisekelo Sekhwalithi Emthonjeni
Izakhiwo zemishini nokuqina kwezixhumi kuncike kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-microstructure yezinto zokusetshenziswa. Kumabhawodi-amandla aphezulu (isb, ibanga le-10.9 nangaphezulu), insimbi ephansi-yekhabhoni ehlanganisiwe (efana no-20MnTiB) kufanele isetshenziswe futhi iqiniswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla aqinile okungenani angu-1000 MPa. Kuzinto zokubopha insimbi engagqwali, khetha okungu-304 (ukumelana nokugqwala), 316 (ukumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali), noma imvula{11}eqinile engu-17-4PH (ibhalansi yamandla nokumelana nokugqwala) kuye ngendawo yokusebenza. Ukukhethwa kwabahlinzeki bezinto ezibonakalayo kudinga indlela eqinile yokubuyekeza ukufaneleka, edinga{16}}isitifiketi sezinto ezibonakalayo zenkampani yangaphandle (njengombiko we-SGS) kanye nemibhalo yokulandeleka kwenqwaba. Uma kunesidingo, ukuhlolwa kwendawo kusetshenziswa i-spectrometer yezinkomba ezibalulekile ezifana ne-carbon equivalent, sulfur, and phosphorus content kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuphuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokufakwa kwezinto nokuhlukaniswa.
II. Inqubo Yokukhiqiza: Ukulawulwa Okunembile Kwemingcele Yenqubo
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-fastener ihlanganisa izinyathelo ezine ezibalulekile: isihloko esibandayo, ukuxhuma, ukwelashwa kokushisa, nokwelashwa kwendawo. Ukuchezuka kumapharamitha wenqubo esinyathelweni ngasinye kungaholela ekulimaleni kwekhwalithi. Isibonelo, imvume enganele yokufa ngesikhathi sekhanda elibandayo kungaholela ekwephukeni kwemigqa yokugeleza kwensimbi, okudala amaphuzu okugxilisa ukucindezeleka. Ukulawula okuphakelayo okungalungile ngesikhathi sokugoqeka kwentambo kunganciphisa ukunemba kwephrofayela yochungechunge futhi kuthinte ukuvumelana kwe-coefficient yetorque yokuhlanganisa. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu: amazinga okushisa okucisha kakhulu angabangela okusanhlamvu okumahhadla (ukunciphisa ukuqina), kuyilapho ukufutheka okwanele kungase kuhluleke ukuqeda izingcindezi zangaphakathi (ukwenyusa ukuqina). Izinkampani kufanele zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-SPC (Statistical Process Control) ukuqapha amapharamitha afana nokufana kwezinga lokushisa kwesithando somlilo (±5℃) kanye nesikhathi sokubamba (±30 amasekhondi) ngesikhathi sangempela. Kufanele futhi bahlole njalo ukwakheka kwe-microstructure kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-metallographic (isb, ingxenye ye-bainite epholile kufanele ibe Yinkulu noma ilingane no-90%) ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izakhiwo zemishini zihlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga afana ne-GB/T 3098.1.
III. Ukuhlola Nokuqinisekisa: Ukuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi Kuwo Wonke Umjikelezo Wempilo
Ikhwalithi yokugcina yezinsimbi kufanele iqinisekiswe-ngohlelo lokuhlola amaleveli amaningi. Ukuhlola okubukwayo kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi yokukhulisa (5-10x magnification) ukuze kutholwe ukonakala okungaphezulu njengokuqhekeka nokugoqeka. Izilinganiso zokunemba kobukhulu zenziwa kusetshenziswa umshini wokulinganisa we-coordinate (CMM), kugxilwe ekulawuleni ubukhulu obuyinhloko njengokubekezelela kobubanzi bokuphakama kwentambo (isb., ±0.018mm emicu yemethrikhi ye-ISO) nogqinsi lwekhanda (±0.1mm). Ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zikamshini kufaka phakathi ukuhlola okuqinile (ukuqinisekisa ubuncane bamandla aqinile), ukuhlolwa komthwalo wedge (ukuthola ukuzwela kokukhishwa kwentambo), nokuhlolwa kokuqina kokuqina (ukuqinisekisa ubulukhuni obuyisisekelo buhlangabezana nezindinganiso). Izinto zokubopha ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezibucayi (njengamabhawudo enjini yendiza) kufanele futhi zihlolwe ukuzwela kwe-hydrogen embrittlement (ukuhlola izindlela zokuphuka ngemva kwamahora angu-8 okwelashwa okungaguquki kwezinga lokushisa kuma-degree angu-200 ) kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhathala (impilo yokuqaliswa kokuqhekeka ngaphansi kwemijikelezo engu-10⁷ yokulayisha). Yonke idatha yokuhlola kufanele ifakwe ohlelweni lokulandelelwa kwekhwalithi futhi ixhunywe nenombolo yenqwaba yomkhiqizo kanye nedethi yokukhiqiza, okwakha irekhodi eliphelele "elibalulekile{15}}lokusebenza{16}}lomphumela" ovaliwe.
IV. Ukumisa kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo: Ukuthuthukiswa Okunamandla Kohlelo Lwekhwalithi
Amazinga wamazwe ngamazwe (afana ne-ISO 898 ne-DIN 267) kanye nokucaciswa komkhakha (okufana ne-ASME B18.2.1 kanye ne-GB/T 90.1) ahlinzeka ngohlaka lokulinganisa lokulawula ikhwalithi eqinisiwe, kodwa izinkampani kufanele zithuthukise izindinganiso zokulawula zangaphakathi eziqine kakhulu ezisuselwe kuzimo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, imboni yezimoto idinga izinga lokubola kwetorque elingaphansi noma elilingana no-5% kumabhawodi ekhanda lamasilinda enjini (izinga elijwayelekile: Ngaphansi noma elilingana no-10%). Amabhothi aphakeme-emibhoshongo yenjini yomoya kufanele futhi aphumelele -ukuhlolwa komthelela wamadigri angu-40 (AKV Enkulu noma elingana no-27J). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amasu okulawula ikhwalithi athuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngomjikelezo Wohlelo-Lokwenza{14}}I-Check-Act (PDCA): Idatha yesikhalazo sekhasimende (njengamaqoqwana anamanani aphezulu okukhumula intambo nokuqhekeka komhlangano) ihlaziywa njalo ukuze kutholwe ubuthaka benqubo; Amathuluzi okuphatha we-Sigma ayisithupha (njengendlela ye-DMAIC) ethulwa ukuze kuncishiswe izilinganiso zokuchezuka kobukhulu; kanye namaphrojekthi ahlanganyelwe wokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nabahlinzeki (njengezinqubo zokuhlanganisa ngokuhlanganyela insimbi) aqhutshwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yonke ukusuka phezulu kochungechunge lokunikezela.
Isiphetho
Izinsimbi, nakuba zizincane, zimelela "ubunjiniyela obuncane" bokukhiqiza imishini. Ukulawula ikhwalithi yabo akudingi nje kuphela ukuhlolwa okunembile kwensimbi nokunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni, kodwa futhi nokuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo nezindlela zenqubo, kanye nokunaka imininingwane ngokucophelela. Ngomongo wokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile kanye ne-Industrial 4.0, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-fastener kuthuthukela ekunembeni okukhulu nokusebenza kahle ngokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obufana nokuhlolwa kwedijithali (njengokuhlungwa okuzenzakalelayo kombono komshini) kanye nokulandeleka kwe-IoT ({3}}ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwesimo somugqa wokukhiqiza). Kuphela ngokuhlanganisa ukuqwashisa ngekhwalithi kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, kusukela ekugcinweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuye ekupheleni kokulethwa komkhiqizo, singakwazi ukubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokusebenza okuphephile kwemboni yokukhiqiza imishini, isisekelo "esincane kodwa esibalulekile".
